Abstract

The need for individualised dosing of medicines is increasingly recognised in therapeutic areas where optimal outcomes depend on finely balancing efficacy against side effects, particularly in domains such as psychiatry, neurology, paediatrics, and rare diseases, where patient variability and treatment sensitivity demand precise dose control. Conventional oral solid dosage forms—typically tablets, capsules, stick packs and sachets—are manufactured in a limited number of fixed strengths, restricting the ability to fine-tune dosing and personalise treatment. As a result, clinicians face challenges when attempting to adjust doses within narrow therapeutic windows or titrate treatments in small, incremental steps.